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PNW
CONSERVATION TILLAGE HANDBOOK SERIES
Chapter 2 - Systems and Equipment, No. 6, Summer 1987
Fallow
Systems for Semi-arid Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington
Don
Wysocki
Maximizing the storage
of water in soils is important for crop production and erosion control.
In semiarid eastern Oregon and eastern Washington, the practice of summer
fallowing is used to store winter precipitation and control weeds. An
added benefit is the release of plant nutrients through mineralization
of organic matter. Fallow is prepared and maintained by various tillage
practices and/or herbicide applications. Because the objective of fallowing
is to conserve and store water, the tillage practices and/or herbicides
utilized should maximize water conservation and storage, but should also
be cost efficient. Water storage will be maximized by those practices
that permit the greatest amount of water to infiltrate during periods
of precipitation and the least amount of water to evaporate or transpirate
during dry periods. Selection of the types of tillage equipment and herbicides
employed and the timing and frequency of tillage and herbicide applications
are the management tools that can be adjusted to maximize water storage
and minimize costs.
STEEP researchers Robert Ramig, USDA-ARS soil scientist, and Les Ekin,
USDA-ARS research technician, at the Columbia Plateau Conservation Research
Center at Pendleton, OR, have evaluated, over a 5-year period, six tillage
and tillage-aid herbicide systems for fallow in a wheat-fallow rotation.
The research was conducted about 12 miles west of Pendleton on a Ritzville
soil with a maximum of 10 percent slope. The systems evaluated beginning
with standing stubble after harvest were:
1.Let wheat stubble stand over winter and moldboard plow in March to a
depth of 6 to 7 inches. Spring tooth and rodweed as necessary (4 to 5
times) to prevent weed growth.
2. Chisel wheat stubble in September to a depth of 14 to 15 inches with
a chisel spacing of 24 inches. Spray Roundup in March to kill weed growth.
Sweeprod (field cultivate with sweeps to a depth of 4 to 5 inches; rodweeder
attachment on rear tool bar operated at depth of 3 to 4 inches) in mid-May
to break capillary continuity between the surface and moist subsoil and
to kill summer weed species, which emerged after spraying.
3. Disk wheat stubble in September to a depth of 4 or 5 inches. Spray
Roundup and sweeprod as in system 2.
4. Let wheat stubble stand over winter and spray Round up in March. Sweeprod
as in system 2. Spray seeded wheat with Sencor or Lexone in spring of
crop year for control of downy brome.
5. Let wheat stubble stand over winter and sweeprod in March, Field cultivate
and rodweed as necessary (4
or 5 times) to prevent weed growth. Spray Lexone or Sencor as in
system 4.
6. Let wheat stubble stand over winter and spray Round up in March.
Sweeprod as in system 2. No Lexone or Sencor used in seeded wheat.
All herbicides were applied according to labeled directions and rates.
Wheat was seeded at a rate of 60 pounds/acre in 16-inch rows with a John
Deere HZ drill about October 1. Hyslop wheat was grown 2 years, followed
by 1 year of Fielder and then 2 years of Stephens. Broadleaf weeds in
the wheat crop were controlled with an application of 2,4-D amine and
Banvel D in late March or early April. Precipitation was measured with
a standard U.S. Weather Bureau rain gauge. Water content of the soil was
measured in l-foot increments from the surface to bedrock (soil depths
ranged from 6 to 9 feet) using neutron moderation. Soil water measurements
were made: (1) after wheat harvest, (2) about March 1 the following spring,
(3) about November 1 (after seeding), (4) about March 1 of the crop year
and (5) again after harvest.
Water Storage and Crop Yield
The precipitation during the five 19-month fallow seasons (from
wheat harvest to March 1 of the crop year) averaged 18.0 inches. Water
storage among all systems when averaged for the 5-year study was nearly
the same (Table 1). Generally, on a single fallow season basis, fall chiseling
(system 2) or fall disking (system 3) stored the least water, while spring
plowing (system 1) or mid-May sweep rodding (systems 4 and 6) stored the
most water. During one fallow season, fall chiseling (system 2) stored
the greatest amount of water. This occurred as a consequence of frozen
soil. Runoff water was unable to enter the soil except where chisel grooves
penetrated below the frozen layer and permitted infiltration. Ramig points
out that in areas where frozen soils are more prevalent than at this study
site, fall chiseling may store greater amounts of water more frequently.
Table 1. 5-year average of soil stored precipitation and wheat yields
for six different fallow systems (Ramig, USDA-ARS, Pendleton).
| Fallow
System |
Percent
fallow season precipitation
stored |
Wheat
yield (bu/acre) |
| 1 |
34 |
45 |
| 2 |
33 |
43 |
| 3 |
31 |
41 |
| 4 |
33 |
47 |
| 5 |
33 |
43 |
| 6 |
34 |
43 |
Average yields for
the 5-year period are shown in Table 1. Highest yields resulted under
systems 1 and 4 because of better control of downy brome by plowing and
frequent tillage or application of Roundup on fallow and Lexone or Sencor
on the wheat, Lowest yields occurred under fall disking (system 3), Soil
treated by this system had lower yields probably because of the lack of
standing stubble to trap snow or slow evaporative winds. Yields closely
corresponded to the amount of stored water when downy brome was controlled.
Other observations made by Ramig and Ekin were that sweeprod tillage in
mid-May incorporated viable downy brome seed into the soil, and it emerged
with the seed wheat in the fall. Application of Sencor or Lexone in early
March of the crop year selectively controlled the problem. The difference
in yield between systems 4 and 6 results from competition by downy brome.
Sweeprodding in mid-May without prior application of Roundup (system 5)
failed to adequately control downy brome even with the subsequent tillage
and application of Sencor or Lexone during the crop year,
Water Use
Averages of 3 years
of data on water use efficiency are presented in Table 2, Data for 2 of
5 years have been excluded because of drought and winter kill problems.
The winter wheat crop removed nearly the same amount of water from all
fallow systems. The amount of water used by the crop includes that extracted
from the soil plus that which fell during the cropping season. This is
shown in column 3 of Table 2. Water use efficiency is shown in column
5 of Table 2. Water use efficiency is computed by dividing the yield per
acre by the total amount of water used. The fallow systems that produce
the highest yields had the highest water use efficiencies.
Table 2. 3-year average of water use, wheat yield and water use efficiency
for six different fallow systems (Ramig, USDA-ARS, Pendleton).
| Fallow
System |
Water
removed from
a
6-foot soil profile
(inches) |
Total
water used
(inches) |
Yield
(bu/acre) |
Water
use efficiency
(bu/acre/inch) |
| 1 |
6.6 |
10.9 |
60 |
5.5 |
| 2 |
6.6 |
10.9 |
60 |
5.5 |
| 3 |
6.2 |
10.5 |
57 |
5.4 |
| 4 |
6.6 |
10.9 |
65 |
6.0 |
| 5 |
6.4 |
10.7 |
58 |
5.4 |
| 6 |
6.7 |
11.0 |
59 |
5.4 |
Table 3. Estimated plant residue remaining on the soil surface after
seeding for six different fallow systems (Ramig, USDA-ARS, Pendleton).
| Fallow
System |
Estimated
% of plant residues
remaining
on the surface |
| 1 |
less
than 5 |
| 2 |
15
to 30 |
| 3 |
10
to 15 |
| 4 |
30
to 40 |
| 5 |
10
to 15 |
| 6 |
30
to 40 |
Residue Cover
Crop residues that remain on the soil surface or partially incorporated
enhance water infiltration and protect against soil erosion. Visual estimates
of the percent of plant residues remaining on the soil surface after seeding
are shown in Table 3. As might be expected, those fallow systems that
included the least tillage had the most residue remaining on the surface
after seeding.
Summary
Ramig draws the following conclusions from his study,
- In the semiarid
(less than 12-inch annual precipitation) areas of eastern Oregon and
eastern Washington, fall chiseling or disking stubble stored less water
than systems that allow the stubble to stand over winter.
- Fall chiseling
stored the most water during one cold winter when frequently frozen
soil prevented infiltration of water in other systems.
- Sweeprod systems
(systems 4 and 6) required the fewest inputs, conserved the most water,
produced the highest yields, had the highest water use efficiencies
and left the most residue on the soil surface.
- In a sweeprod
system: wheat stubble is left standing over winter to trap snow and
insulate the soil from freezing and evaporation; spring plant growth
is killed with an early March application of Roundup; a single sweeprod
tillage is performed in mid-May to early June to interrupt capillary
loss of water from the soil and kill late emerging summer weeds; and
30 to 40 percent of residue remains on the soil surface after seeding.
If rains of more than 0.30 inch occur, an additional rodweeding is required
for supplemental weed control.
If carefully extrapolated,
it is the author's opinion that the results of this study have wide application
because Ritzville soils occupy about 1.5 million acres in eastern Oregon
and eastern Washington. The results of this study apply most closely to
Ritzville soils, on landscapes of 10 percent slope or less, which do not
remain frozen for extended periods during the winter. Timing of tillage
operations and/or herbicide applications for fallow in some areas of Ritzville
soils may vary slightly from those used in this study because of geographic
differences or fluctuations in local weather patterns.
Use of Trade Names
Research results are given for information only and are not to be
construed as a recommendation for an unregistered use of a pesticide.
Always read and follow label instructions carefully. To simplify the information,
trade names have been used. Neither endorsement of named products is intended
nor criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.
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