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2000 STEEP III Progress ReportTITLE: Developing
agronomic practices for direct drilling winter canola into cereal stubble. INVESTIGATORS:
INTERIM REPORT: Year one of project started fall of 1999 PROJECT OBJECTIVES:
KEY WORDS: winter canola, direct seeding, crop management. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Agronomic practices for winter Canola have been developed for planting on summer fallow. These practices have focused on stand establishment in late August to mid September. This planting option is not possible when planting Canola immediately after a cereal crop. The seedbed usually is too dry at this time. New agronomic recommendations are needed to successfully seed winter Canola into cereal residues. AGRONOMIC ZONE OF INTEREST: This research will apply to all agronomic zones where recropping of winter Canola is feasible. We expect that it will be most applicable in agronomic zones 1, 2, 3, and 4. ABSTRACT OF RESEARCH FINDINGS: Ericka winter Canola was sown in experiments on November 1 of 1999 at the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton, Oregon. A randomized complete block experiment (4 reps) of winter Canola was directed drilled into dark northern spring wheat stubble (residue load = 4000 lb/acre), using three drills treatments, two fertilizer treatments, and two stubble treatments. Stand establishment counts were taken in December 1999 and March 2000. Plots were harvested in July of 2000. The crop did best when stubble was mowed; starter fertilizer was placed with the seed and planted with a shank drill equipped with residue management wheels. Large genotype x tillage management interactions was observed in breeding lines where there was little relationship between yield potential from conventional tillage compared to direct seeding. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: Agronomic trials Ericka winter Canola was sown on November 1 of 1999 at the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton, Oregon. A randomized complete block experiment (4 reps) of winter Canola was directed drilled at 15 lb/acre into dark northern spring wheat stubble (residue load = 4000 lb/acre), using three drills treatments (Great Plains disk drill, Conserva-Pak shank drill and Conserva-Pack shank drill with residue management wheels), two fertilizer treatments (no starter and 100 lb/acre 16-20-0-14 placed with the seed), two stubble treatments (flail mow and standing). Individual plots were one-drill width X 40 ft in length. The residue management wheel is a rubber-fingered wheel that runs beside the shank. Its purpose is to hold residue in place and prevent residue clumping and seed burial. Drills were operated at 4-5 mph at planting. Target seeding depth was 0.75-1.0 inch. Assure II was applied at a 10-oz/acre rate in late February 2000 and 80-lb N/acre where spike wheel injected on 20 March 2000. Both of these applications were later than desired. Wet conditions prevented earlier application of the Assure II (delayed by 60 days) and equipment break down delayed spike wheel injection by about 3 weeks. Stand establishment was best using the conserva-pac drill with residue management wheels attached. Speed of operation probably affected the operation of the disk drill more than the shank drill. The Great Plains disk drill was equipped with Turbo opening coulters. Given the plot dimensions (40-ft length) drills could not be operated at more that 4-5 mph. Turbo coulters operate better in the range of 6-8 mph. Results of the trial are presented in Table 1. Overall, Canola did best when sown with the Conserva-Pak drill, stubble was mown, and starter fertilizer was placed with the seed. Treatment averages for drills, starter fertilizer, stubble management are given in Table 2. In this study, seeding with a shank drill increased yield by about 300 lb/acre. Use of starter fertilizer increased yield by about 190 lb/ac and flail mowing increased yield by about 100 lb/acre. In summary, drill operation and seed placement are important when direct drilling winter Canola into wheat stubble. Uniformity of seed placement and seed to soil contact are critical factors for adequate establishment. Placement of starter fertilizer diminished stand establishment (data not show) but crop yield was better in spite of low plant stands. Volunteer wheat and grassy weeds can cause problems. Herbicides to control these should be applied in the fall after emergence of the weeds.
Screen breeding lines Two sets of winter canola cultivars were evaluated: (1) entries in the Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Trial (PNWWCT); and (2) fifty advanced breeding lines from the University of Idaho breeding program. Yield of all entries tested were significantly reduced when direct seeded compared to conventionally managed systems. Greatest difficulties were noted in straw management, which resulted in poor seed-soil contact and uneven germination and stand. In addition, poor stand in late plated direct seed plots resulted in greater weediness and competition from weeds must have added to reduced yields. However, when the cultivars entered into the PNWWCT were examined over conventional and direct seeding, it was found that the relative ranking showed that there was a relationship between performance between direct seeding and conventional tillage (r = 0.64), where 41% of the yield variation in direct seeded plots could be accounted for by yield in conventional tillage (Figure 1). It should be noted that all the entries in the PNWWCT are indeed cultivars, or near-cultivars, and have been highly selected for adaptability to conventional tillage systems. The advanced breeding lines examined had been selected for both conventional tillage systems and also for late-planting characteristics. These lines were planted on summer fallow September and direct-seeded in October-November in Idaho and Oregon. Comparison of yield from conventional tillage and direct seeding (Figure 2) showed that many breeding lines showed high adaptability to one tillage system and had relatively poor yield in the other. The correlation coefficient between tillage systems for yield (r = 0.26), accounted for less than 7% of the variation between systems. It is always unwise to make recommendations based on only one years results, although these data do suggest that it will be necessary to select earlier generation breeding materials under direct seeding systems in order to identify the most adapted genotypes suited for these management systems. INTERACTION WITH OTHER SCIENTISTS CONDUCTION RELATED ACTIVITY This project is complimentary to other cropping system projects currently funded by STEEP. There is communication and interaction with Stephen Guy, Dan Ball, Bill Payne and Bill Schillinger. In addition, the PI's on this project are in constant communication Figure 1. Yield of Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Trial entries when direct seeded and when conventionally seeded.
Figure 2. Yield of advanced breeding lines when direct seeded and when conventionally seeded.
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