|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|||
1998 STEEP III Progress ReportRESEARCH PROJECT TITLE: Residue Production and Retention in Small Grain Cereal and Legume Rotational Systems With Different Tillage Practices. INVESTIGATORS:
Cooperators: Wayne Jensen, Art Schultheis, Nathan and Steve Riggers, Eric Hasselstrom, Randy and Larry Keatts, Richard Druffel, Larry Cochran, Bob Garrett (growers) and Roy Patten and Brad Bull (UI Plant Science Farm) PROJECT OBJECTIVES:
KEY WORDS: Tillage, residue, rotation, integrated management systems STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Winter wheat established after legumes using conventional tillage systems can leave the soil vulnerable to erosion. About 65-75% of annual precipitation falls after wheat seeding when plants are small and can occur during freeze-thaw cycles. Erosion can be reduced with greater residue cover and soil roughness, and improved water infiltration. Residue cover is usually most effective. Growers have reduced tillage before planting winter wheat after legumes, but fragile legume residues and low residue production often leave little soil cover overwinter. Surface residue levels going into winter wheat could be increased by carrying over spring cereal residue grown before the legume crop. However, spring cultivations are often indicated for incorporation of many legume herbicides. After fall and spring tillage, little cereal crop residue remains to carry through winter wheat planting. Conventional tillage practices for legume production can also increase soil compaction in wet spring condition, reducing water infiltration and increasing erosion potential. ZONE OF INTEREST: Higher precipitation Palouse region of ID and WA. ABSTRACT OF RESEARCH FINDINGS: Eight on-farm trials were conducted with field scale equipment in cooperation with growers in eastern Washington and northern Idaho to compare a variety of tillage and residue management systems for establishing spring peas in a cereal - pea - winter wheat rotation sequence. Compared to more intensive tillage or residue removal systems, spring direct seeding of peas resulted in higher surface residue levels for improved erosion protection after planting spring pea and subsequent winter wheat crops, similar stand establishment and equal or higher yields. In other tillage trials, there was not adequate residue from the previous pea crop alone when plowing is done before the pea crop, but when previous cereal residue is carried through the pea crop, adequate residue is maintained through winter wheat seeding. Pea and lentil residue can survive adequately through winter wheat establishment and the greater the tillage intensity, the less surface groundcover. Herbicide experiments within some of these trials indicate that imazamox can injure peas. Fall versus spring application of imazethapyr is did not result in differences in weed control or pea yields. No benefit was seen for direct seeded peas receiving small amounts of starter fertilizer N,P, and/or S at planting. No soil moisture differences were seen to result from direct seeding at the one trial where this data was collected. These trials show that yields can be as good and sometimes better under direct seeding cropping compared to conventional systems. There are many values to reduced tillage and even more so to direct seeding systems shown in these studies, including: soil conservation, ease of operation, and reduced cost. These studies support the viability of direct seeding systems in the higher rainfall areas of the Palouse. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: Objective 1: Two trials were conducted using farm scale equipment to evaluate dry pea and lentil residue production and durability across cultivars and tillage intensity. These trials include two cultivars of pea and two of lentil grown in large blocks. The legume plot areas are prepared for winter wheat seeding by different tillage systems designed to give progressive levels of tillage intensity by: no-till, rip-shoot (RS), RS + cultivation, and RS + two cultivation. Equivalent fertilizer to the rip-shoot application was applied while planting the direct seed treatment. Groundcover residue was followed from legume harvest through winter wheat establishment. Legumes were harvested by field scale combines, but wheat yield were the average of two swaths from a small plot combine. All crops of the 1997-1998 trial performed well (Table 1). Pro 2100 pea yielded more seed and than the lentils and Columbia pea. The pea cultivars produced more than twice the crop residue than the lentils. However, the groundcover after the four legumes was not very different after tillage was done and throughout the rest of winter wheat establishment. Increasing tillage intensity did decrease the residue cover following all four legume treatments. After planting winter wheat, the groundcover did not change much following pea, but seems to decline faster for the lentil residue overwinter. Lentil residue also seems to be buried more easily by tillage. The legume seed yields in the 1998-1999 trial were very similar to the previous trial (Table 2). However, residue yields were lower following pea and higher after lentil, with Pro 2100 and Brewer lentil producing the most residue. Residue groundcover after harvest and tillage was lower for pea than lentil. After planting winter wheat on October 7, residue groundcover was lower than in the previous year. The same trend of less residue as tillage intensity increased occurred again. Table 1. Crop yields and residue with different tillage intensity following legume crops at the UI Kambitsch Farm, Genesee, ID, 1997-1998
* LSD for within legume crop only. Table 2. Crop yields and residue with different tillage intensity following legume crops at the UI Kambitsch Farm, Genesee, ID, 1998-1999
Objective 2: Two spring cereal trials were conducted at the UI Kambitsch Research farm to evaluate wheat and barley residue carryover through pea seeding into winter wheat establishment. One trial was started in 1996 and finished in 1998 and the other was a year later. After harvest of the spring cereal crops, four tillage treatments, plow, chisel, paratill, and direct seed were applied in the fall. Broadcast burn down of weeds was applied in the spring before seeding pea with direct seeding drills. Pursuit herbicide provided weed control in the pea crop. After pea harvest, fertilizer was applied by 'ripper-shooter' and winter wheat seeded. Residue groundcover was followed from after spring cereal harvest through winter wheat establishment. Herbicide evaluation across tillages were conducted for the pea crop and many soil physical measurements were taken. Table 3. Yields and performance in a cereal residue carryover through a pea crop trial at the UI Kambitsch Farm, Genesee, ID, 1996-1998.
In the 1996-1998 trial, the spring cereal crops did not yield as much as desired due to poor seeding conditions followed by dry weather (Table 3). The residue groundcover was lower than desired, but the barley was higher than the wheat. The pea crop did not establish as well as desired in the direct seed treatment due to limitations on soil penetration by the drill. The winter wheat crop did establish well and be productive. The cereal residue levels for this trial were published in last years STEEP report. A greater amount of cereal residue was carried over through the pea crop in the direct seed than in all other tillage systems and averaged about 600 lb/a higher. 1998 wheat yields were not different for tillage or 1996 crop and averaged 107 bu/a. In the 1997-1999 trial, the spring cereal crops did well (Table 4). The barley was near the county average and spring wheat was low due to a high infestation of Hessian Fly. However, the Hessian Fly infestation did not lower the residue from the spring wheat. The pea crop was established well with no differences in pea population among tillages or previous crop. Pea yields were highest in paratill and direct seed treatments and lowest in the plow treatment. Within the paratill treatment, pea following wheat yielded 339 lb/a more than following barley. Winter wheat was established following the pea crop. Table 4. Yields and performance in a cereal residue carryover through a pea crop trial at the UI Kambitsch Farm, Genesee, ID, 1997-1999
*LSD for within tillage does not apply to comparisons across tillage treatments. Groundcover residue measurements in the 1997-1999 trial were taken over-winter following the spring cereal crops (Table 5). In all cases after the spring cereal crops, there was more groundcover in direct seeding than in paratill, which had more than the chisel and the plow treatment was lowest. That relationship held through pea planting. After pea harvest, direct seeding was highest and was also greater than plow after winter wheat planting. These trials show the practicality of carrying spring cereal residue through the pea crop and having adequate residue groundcover after paratill and direct seeding, but not when plowing before pea. This is true even when wheat is seeded in a low disturbance system of shank-and-seed. The pea crop alone does not provide adequate residue. On-Farm Trials The following are brief descriptions and summaries of preliminary results from eight on-farm tests conducted in 1998 to compare various intensities of tillage and residue management for establishment of spring pea in a cereal - pea - winter wheat rotational sequence. The large-scale trials are established and managed by cooperating growers with their field equipment. All the trials are conducted for a 2-year period beginning in the fall after harvest of a spring or winter cereal, through a pea crop and the subsequent winter wheat crop. Nearly all the trials have compared a spring direct seed system without prior tillage with some type of fall minimum tillage and direct seeding in the spring without any spring tillage. Some of the trials included additional tillage and residue management treatments to address specific grower=s interests and equipment available. All trials have 4 replications of each treatment. Plots range from 30 to 50 feet wide and 700 to 1,500 feet long. Surface residue evaluations were conducted after fall tillage of the cereal crop, before and after pea planting, after pea harvest and after winter wheat planting. Other data collected generally included pea plant stands and yields, winter wheat yield, and monitoring for differences in specific agronomic factors or crop pests. Table 5. Groundcover residue levels in the cereal residue carryover through pea crop trials at the UI Kambitsch Farm, Genesee, ID, 1997-1999
Wayne Jensen - Genesee, ID -- The second 2-year on-farm trial comparing two tillage practices for spring pea following a 70 bu/A hard white spring wheat was completed in 1998 on the Wayne Jensen farm northwest of Genesee, ID (Table 6). The two treatments following hard white spring wheat were 1) Fall Plow-Spring Cultivate-Seed - fall (1996) moldboard plow with trash boards - spring Pursuit herbicide application and 2X cultivation - seed; and 2) Fall Chisel/Cultivate - Spring Direct Seed - fall chisel - late fall cultivate/harrow - spring Roundup-Pursuit herbicide application - spring direct seed. Both treatments were seeded with a John Deere 455 offset double disc drill. The soft white winter wheat crop was direct seeded that fall with a Yielder double disc drill. The results of this second trial are very similar to the results of the first trial. The complete results of the first trial were reported in the 1997 STEEP III report. The results from this second trial show that the minimum fall tillage - direct spring seed system resulted in greater erosion protection with higher surface residue levels after seeding peas and the subsequent winter wheat crop than with the fall plow treatment, 34 vs.6% and 47 vs.30%, respectively. There were no differences in plant establishment, pea yield or yield of the following winter wheat crop. Table 6. Tillage comparison following spring wheat through 1997 spring pea and 1998 winter wheat crops, Wayne Jensen, Genesee, ID - 20-to 24-inch rainfall zone.
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 95% confidence level. Nathan and Steve Riggers - Nezperce, ID -- Four tillage and residue management systems were compared following a 65 bu/A hard red spring wheat crop west of Nezperce, ID (Table 7). Treatments included: 1) Direct Spring Seed; 2) Spring Burn - Direct Spring Seed; 3) Fall Disc - Direct Spring Seed; 4) Fall Moldboard Plow-Spring Cultivate - Seed The two treatments with overwinter stubble received a late October application of Roundup. In early April, all treatments except the plow treatment received a second Roundup application. All treatments were seeded with a Flexi-Coil 5000 no-till hoe air-seeder on May 4 with Karita peas, a semi-leafless variety. All the plots were harrowed after seeding. All treatments received separate post-emergence applications of Basagran and Assure II. Winter wheat was direct seeded in the fall with the same Flexi-Coil 5000 no-till hoe airseeder. Residue groundcover levels and pea yield was highest in the direct seed system (Table 2). Surface residue after pea and winter wheat planting were highest in the direct seeded pea treatments at 72 and 60%, respectively. Pea emergence was not significantly different among the treatments, but lower than expected because the low seed lot germination (<85%) was not known at planting. Direct seed pea yield was significantly higher than burn and plow treatments, with yields in the trial increasing with increasing surface residue levels. Table 7. Comparison of four tillage and residue management practices following 1997 hard red spring wheat through 1998 spring pea and 1999 winter wheat crops, Nathan and Steve Riggers, west of Nezperce, ID - 24- to 26-inch rainfall zone.
Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 95% confidence level. Randy and Larry Keatts - Lewiston, ID -- Five tillage and residue management practices were compared for spring pea following a 1997 soft white spring wheat crop south of Lewiston, ID in a 12- to 16-inch rainfall zone (Table 8). Previous crops were winter wheat (1996), and spring pea (1995). Treatments included: 1) Spring Direct Seed; 2) Spring Burn - Spring Direct Seed; 3) Fall Disc - Spring Direct Seed; 4) Fall Subsoil/Disc - Spring Direct Seed - fall R & R subsoiler - fall disc - direct seed; 5) Fall Chisel - Spring Direct Seed - fall chisel/harrow - direct seed. The trial received mid-October and early March applications of Roundup. All treatments were seeded to Columbia pea (common type) on March 18 with a Tye no-till disc drill, then harrowed and rolled. Winter wheat was seeded in the fall with a 2-pass systems of direct-shank application of fertilizer and then seeding with the Tye no-till disc drill. Pea plant stand in the direct seed treatment was lower that most of the other treatments and a difference in seeding depth between fall-tilled treatments and the direct seed treatment in undisturbed residue likely contributed to the lower plant stand. The field trial was seeded as one field and it was difficult to set seeding depth accurately for all treatments. Consequently, direct seed plots in undisturbed residue were seeded shallower than desired (2-1 inch) and tilled plots were seeded slightly deeper than desired (2-3 inch). This shows the importance of selecting and setting a direct seed drill to give good seed placement. The direct seed treatment maintained the highest percent surface residue for erosion control after pea and winter wheat planting, 83 and 49%, respectively. Pea yield was not significantly different among treatments. Table 8: Comparison of tillage and residue management practices following a 1997 soft white spring wheat crop through 1998 spring pea and 1999 winter wheat crops. Randy and Larry Keatts, Lewiston, ID -12- to 16-inch rainfall zone.
Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 95% confidence level. Art Schultheis - Colton, WA -- Two tillage systems were compared for establishing a 1998 spring pea crop following a 90 bu/A 1997 winter wheat crop just northwest of Colton in a 20- to 22-inch annual rainfall zone (Table 9). Previous rotation crops were lentils in 1996 and spring barley in 1995. Treatments include: 1) Fall Disc-Subsoil - Spring Direct Seed - fall (1997) John Deere disc-ripper - spring harrow - direct seed; and 2) Spring Direct Seed. The winter wheat stubble was flailed after harvest when the residue was dry. Roundup was applied on the direct seed treatments in the fall and on both treatments in the early April. The trial was seeded in late April to Columbia pea with a Flexi-Coil single-disc air seeder. The disc-rip treatments were harrowed after seeding. Basagran and Thistrol were applied post emergence to the disc-rip treatments only (no weeds observed at that time on the direct seed treatments). Assure II was applied to both treatments for grass weed control. Winter wheat was direct seeded with a John Deere 750 single disc no-till drill in the fall. Direct seeding provided more residue groundcover and better soil erosion protection in both the pea and winter wheat crops. The percent residue cover was significantly higher after planting pea and winter wheat, 96 vs. 19 and 84 vs. 41, respectively. Pea plant stands and yields were not significantly different. Table 9: Comparison of tillage practices following a 1997 soft white winter wheat crop through 1998 spring pea and 1999 winter wheat crops. Art Schultheis, Colton, WA - 20- to 22-inch annual rainfall zone.
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 95% confidence level. Richard Druffel and Sons - Pullman, WA B Two tillage practices were compared for establishing a 1998 spring pea crop after a 1997 soft white spring wheat crop south of Pullman in a 20- to 22-inch annual rainfall zone (Table 10) . Treatments included: 1) Fall Disc-Subsoil - Spring Direct Seed - fall (1997) John Deere disc-ripper - spring harrow - direct seed; and 2) Spring Direct Seed. Roundup was applied to all treatments on March 22. There was 4 to 6 inches growth on the volunteer spring wheat at a moderately high plant density in the direct seed compared to a light population of 2- to 4-inch high volunteer in the fall disc-subsoil treatment. All treatments were seeded to Columbia peas on April 10 with a Palouse Zero Till double disc drill. Fargo and Pursuit were applied post-plant pre-emergent with a harrow-sprayer. The harrow was used to incorporate the herbicides on the disc-ripper treatments, but was lifted off the soil on the direct seed treatments. Winter wheat was direct seeded with the Palouse Zero Till drill in the fall. Percent surface residue was significantly higher in the direct seeding than in the fall disc-subsoil treatment after pea and winter wheat planting, 81 vs. 22% and 54 vs. 36%, respectively. Pea plant emergence and yield were not significantly different between the two treatments. Table 10: Comparison of tillage practices following a 1997 soft white spring wheat crop through 1998 spring pea and 1999 winter wheat crops. Richard Druffel and Sons, Pullman, WA - 20- to 22-inch annual rainfall zone.
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 95% confidence level. Larry Cochran - Colfax, WA --Two tillage practices were compared for establishing a 1998 spring pea crop after 1997 spring barley crop northeast of Colfax in a 18- to 20-inch annual rainfall zone (Table 11). Treatments included: 1) Fall Chisel/Cultivate/Harrow - Spring Direct Seed; and 2) Spring Direct Seed. Roundup was applied in late fall and in mid April. All treatments were direct seeded to Columbia peas on May 1 with a John Deere 750 single disc no-till drill then rolled. Herbicide was applied post emergence. Winter wheat was direct seeded with a John Deere 750 single disc no-till drill in the fall. Direct seeding retained higher surface residue levels after pea and winter wheat planting, 84 vs. 43% and 55 vs. 43%, respectively, although both systems provided good erosion protection. Pea plant stands, yields and residue cover after pea were not different. Table 11: Comparison of tillage practices following a 1997 spring barley crop through 1998 spring pea and 1999 winter wheat crops. Larry Cochran, Colfax, WA - 18- to 20-inch annual rainfall zone.
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 95% confidence level. Bob Garrett - Endicott, WA -- Two tillage practices were compared for establishing a 1998 spring pea crop after 1997 soft white spring wheat (Table 12) and soft white winter wheat (Table 13) crops northwest of Endicott in a 15- to 18-inch annual rainfall zone. Treatments on both the spring wheat and winter wheat fields included: 1) Fall Chisel/harrow - Spring Direct Seed - fall (1997) chisel (with narrow fertilizer knife openers on 12-inch spacing) and attached harrow - direct seed; 2) Spring Direct Seed. Roundup was applied in mid-November and on March 22. Both treatment systems on the spring wheat and winter wheat field trials were direct seeded to Columbia peas on April 16 using a Great Plains 3000 no-till drill with straight coulters and offset double discs. All plots were harrowed after seeding. Sencor was applied post-plant pre-emergence and Assure II and Basagran were applied post emergence as a tank mix about 5 weeks after seeding. Winter wheat was established in the fall using a minimum tillage 2-pass systems with the same low-disturbance chisel as direct-shank fertilizer applicator and seeding with the Great Plains 3000 no-till drill. Although there were slightly higher surface residue levels pre-plant and post-plant in spring peas under direct seeding compared to fall chisel/harrow - direct seed, no differences were noted later in pea plant stands, pea yield or in surface residue levels. Both tillage systems provide effective erosion protection in the pea crop and subsequent winter wheat crop. Seeding depth was generally 2 to 1 inch, slightly shallower than planned and contributing to lower plant stands than expected. Although the reasons for the low pea yields are not known, post-emergence herbicide injury is suspected as one important factor in reducing plant growth and yield potential in both trials. Table 12: Comparison of two tillage practices following a 1997 soft white spring wheat crop through 1998 spring pea and 1999 winter wheat crops, Bob Garrett, Endicott, WA - 15- to 18-inch annual rainfall zone.
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 95% confidence level. Table 13: Comparison of two tillage practices following a 1997 soft white winter wheat crop through 1998 spring pea and 1999 winter wheat crops, Bob Garrett, Endicott, WA - 15- to 18-inch annual rainfall zone.
Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 95% confidence level. Preliminary conclusions from on-farm trials: Compared to more intensive tillage systems in eight large scale field trials managed by Northwest growers, spring direct seeding systems for pea establishment after cereals offer the potential for increasing surface residue retention for erosion control through the cereal - grain legume - winter wheat rotation without sacrificing yield potential in peas and following winter wheat crop. Production costs may also be reduced by eliminating field operations. Spring direct seeding of peas resulted in the higher pea test weight in five of the 1998 direct seed pea trials, although differences were not always statistically significant at the 95% probability level. This could indicate a higher level of soil water may be present at grain filling than under more intensive tillage systems. Economic comparisons have not yet been completed, but production costs may also be reduced with spring direct seeding by eliminating field operations. Weed Control Research Area 1: Pre- and post-emergence herbicide treatments applied to spring pea with various tillage regimes. Joan Campbell and Donn Thill. In the fall of 1997, herbicide trials were established in the existing tillage blocks of two of the STEEP III trials described above. Selected for the herbicide trials were the Riggers site near Craigmont and the UI Kambitsch Farm 1997-99 cereal residue carryover study near Genesee. Imazethapyr (Pursuit; applied pre-emergence), imazethapyr/pendimethalin (Pursuit Plus; applied pre-emergence) and imazamox ("Raptor" for soybeans, applied post emergence) were evaluated for pea injury and pea seed yield at Nezperce and Genesee. The experiment was a split plot design with four replications. Herbicides were applied at 10 gpa with a tractor mounted sprayer. The herbicide subplots were 15 feet wide by the width of the tillage strip main plots (Table 14.) Table 14. Herbicide application data.
Visual injury from imazamox treatments was similar at both locations even though UAN was not added to the imazamox treatments at Nezperce because of the injury seen at Genesee. Pea plants were chlorotic 5 to 7 days after imazamox application and were shortened about 5 inches, and flowering was delayed and reduced. However, seed yield was reduced more at Genesee, 43% and 60%, than Nezperce, 8% and 28%, for imazamox at 0.032 and 0.064 lb/acre, respectively, compared to the highest yielding treatment (Table 15). Table 15. Pea seed yield averaged over tillage.
1 Applied with R-11 nonionic surfactant (0.25% v/v) at Nezperce and R-11 nonionic surfactant (0.25%v/v) + UAN 28-0-0 (1qt/acre) at Genesee 2 Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different from one another (P=0.05) There was no herbicide treatment by tillage regime interaction. Pea seed yield averaged over herbicide treatment was lowest from the plow treatment at both locations (Table 16). Winter wheat was planted in September 1998 to determine carry-over effects on wheat injury and grain yield. Table 16. Pea seed yield averaged over herbicide treatment.
1 Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different from one another (P=0.05) Research Area 2: Weed control and crop yield with spring and fall applications of Pursuit herbicide with various tillage regimes. J.P. Yenish Herbicide trials were established in the existing tillage blocks of two STEEP III trials in the fall of 1997. Selected for the herbicide trials were the Druffel site near Pullman and the Garrett site near Endicott (see above for tillage description and general plot management). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, split plot design with tillage as the whole plots and herbicide treatments as subplots. The three herbicide treatments were non-treated and fall or spring applications of 0.047 lb a.i. imazethapyr/acre. Fall herbicides were applied on Dec. 5, 1997 with temperature of 29 0F air and 32 0F soil and a relative humidity of 93%. Spring applications were on Feb. 25, 1998 with temperature of 45 0F air and 39 0F soil and a relative humidity of 79%. An unintended blanket application of imazethapyr over a portion of the Druffel herbicide study area in the spring of 1998 made any information from the site unusable and the herbicide study at this site was abandoned. Weed density was measured on June 8, 1998 at the Garrett site. Density measurements consisted of counting all weeds in four randomly selected one square foot areas within each subplot. Weeds were grouped as grass or broadleaf weeds. Plots were harvested on Aug. 6, 1998. Seed from plots were cleaned and weighed. Broadleaf weed densities were not significantly different for tillage or herbicide treatment factors nor the interaction (Table 17). Broadleaf weed densities were low at this site. Grass weed densities were greater in direct seeding than in the fall chisel-harrow treatment. However, grass density was not significantly different for herbicide treatments or the interaction of tillage and herbicide treatment. Pea yields were greater when Pursuit was either fall or spring applied than in the control (Table 17). Yields were not significantly different between tillages nor the interaction of tillage and herbicide. Table 17. Weed density and pea yield near Endicott, WA, 1998 Treatments Grass
weeds Broadleaf weeds Pea yield Direct Seed 58.5
a 3.8 1260 Weedy Control 43.1
5.4 1170 b Values within a column
followed by the same letter are not significantly different from one another
(p = 0.05). Soil Fertility To investigate whether starter fertilizer might provide a benefit to pea crops in direct-seed systems, fertility treatments were established within the existing tillage blocks of four STEEP III trials. Starter applications of N, P, and S were tested under tilled and direct seeding systems at five locations during the 1998 growing season. The five fertility trials were the Garrett, Druffel, Schultheis, and Riggers sites detailed above. Because of the on-farm nature of these trials, the tillage systems are not identical among sites but each site included a direct seed treatment and a fall chisel or plow treatment. The fertility component of the trials investigated starter (20 lb/acre) rates of N, P, and S in all possible combinations. In both the tilled and direct seed treatments, the fertilizers were band applied 2" directly below the seed at planting time. Experimental observations included plant stand, harvest yield, above-ground biomass at harvest (check and the N + P + S fertilizer treatment only), and 1000-seed weight (check and the N + P + S fertilizer treatment only). The pea fertility experiments are being repeated at two locations this coming growing season. At both the Riggers and Schultheis sites, there were no significant responses to any fertilizer treatment (Table 18). In addition at these two sites, yields of the fall tillage (chisel plow or disk ripper)-spring direct seed plots were equal to the direct seed plots without fall tillage (Table 19). Sample analysis has not been completed from the Garrett and Druffel sites. Table 18. Dry pea yield as affected by combinations of N, P, and S fertilizer at 20 lb/ac. Fertilizer treatment -----------------------------Pea Yield------------------------------ Riggers: Craigmont, ID Schultheis: Colton, WA --------------------------------lb/ac--------------------------------- Check 1607 2266 Banded Check (no fertilizer) 1724 2200 N 1652 2312 P 1773 2232 S 1748 2223 N + P 1813 2237 N + S 1793 2227 P + S 1612 2144 N + P + S 1668 2076 Table 19. Dry pea yield as affected by tillage and fertility treatments on the Craigmont and Colton sites. ---------Riggers: Craigmont, Idaho--------- -----Schultheis: Colton, Washington----- Tillage system Pea Yield Tillage system Pea Yield (lb/ac) (lb/ac) Fall Plow--Spring Cultivate--Seed 1677 Fall Disc-Ripper--Direct Seed 2209 Fall Disc--Direct Seed 1741 Direct Seed 2217 Spring Burn--Direct Seed 1685 Direct Seed 1743 Soil Water Soil-water contents were measured during mid-season (6/19/98) and prior to pea harvest (7/28/98) on the Art Schultheis study described above. Results show no differences in soil water content implying no differences in crop-water uptake as a result of tillage treatments (Figure 1).
 
Figure 1. Profile soil-water content distributions during the 1998 growing season under the two tillage treatments near Colton, WA PUBLICATIONS, PRESENTATIONS AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS: Technology transfer/educational efforts since the last report are summarized below from November 1997 to November 1998. Publications Guy, S., J. Hammel, R. Veseth, D. Thill, T. Fiez, and J. Yenish. 1998. Residue Production and Retention in Cereal and Legume Rotational Systems with Different Tillage Systems. In Proceedings of the Northwest Direct Seed Intensive Cropping Conference. Pasco, WA Veseth, R. June 1998. Direct Seed and Minimum Tillage Systems for Grain Legumes. 1998 Field Day Proceedings: Highlights of Research Progress. Washington State Univ. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences Technical Rpt. 98-2. Presentations: Veseth, R. Dec. 11, 1997. Reduce Tillage Systems for Grain Legumes. USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council Grower Division Annual Meeting. Moscow, ID - 310 attended. Guy, S. and J. Hammel. Jan. 7, 1998. Research on Direct Seed Systems for Spring Legume Production After Spring Cereals. Invited presentation at the Northwest Direct Seed Intensive Cropping Conference, Pasco, WA - 900 attended. Tours of Field Research Trials -- (1) Lewis County Crops and Conservation Tour June 30, 1998 - This tour, beginning in Nezperce, ID, was sponsored by Lewis Co. Cooperative Extension System and Soil Conservation District, and was attended by over 55 area growers and Ag fieldmen. The project trial on the Nathan and Steve Riggers farm was highlighted. Roger Veseth explained the large plot tillage and residue management trial and the small plot fertility trial that was across the large plots. Nathan Riggers discussed their experiences with direct seed grain legumes in the trial and other fields on their farm. Donn Thill presented the small plot herbicide trials across the large plots and summarized experiences with weed control in direct seed grain legumes at other trial sites. (2) Northern Idaho On-farm testing tour, July 8, 1998 - This tour sponsored by the Nezperce Co. Cooperative Extension included the Keats trial, and was attended by 25 growers and agricultural fieldmen. Roger Veseth and Duncan Cox explained the tillages and experiments on direct seeding for this trial and others in the area. (3) Lewis County Conservation District Tour July 14, 1998 - This tour showed the trial at Eric Hasselstrom's near Winchester, ID. Duncan Cox discussed the tillage treatments, establishment and weed problems in this trial and a general discussion of direct seeding. It was attended by 10 growers and agricultural support personnel. Conferences B The Northwest Direct Seed Intensive Cropping Conference in Pasco, WA on Jan. 7-8, 1998 was sponsored by the PNW STEEP III Extension program and a number of other Ag support companies and groups and attended by nearly 900 PNW growers and Ag support personnel. In addition to specific summaries of this project=s research on the program and in the Proceedings, the concept of management systems for direct seed grain legume was highlighted by 11 other Conference speakers. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Contact
us: Hans Kok, (208)885-5971
|
Accessibility | Copyright
| Policies | WebStats | STEEP Acknowledgement |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
